Vermont Apple Newsletter M. Elena Garcia, Lorraine P. Berkett, Jon Clements, and Roger Brouillette. Vermont Apple Newsletter, April, 98

In This Issue

Horticulture Notes
    Grafting
        Basic grafting terms
        Requirements for a successful grafting operation.
        Bridge Grafting (Fig. 1)
        Inarching (Fig. 2)
        Topworking
        Cleft Grafting (Fig. 3)
        The Veneer or Bark graft (Fig. 4)
Horticultural Calendar: April-May
FDA Moves Forward on Cider Regulations

IPM News

Information at your fingertips - Renovated Website for Apple IPM:
Disease Management
        Apple Scab
Arthropod Management
        European Red Mites (ERM)
        Early Season Insect Monitoring
        Tarnished Plant Bug (TPB)
        Leafminers (LM)
Update on the 98-99 New England Apple Pest Management Guide (NEAPMG)
Pesticide Spray Drift Managment Conference

Contact Information    

Horticulture Notes

Grafting

Recently, we have received several requests for techniques to remedy rodent damage, I thought that a review of grafting techniques, not only as means to repair the tree but also as means to replace an existing cultivar would be an appropriate subject for this newsletter.

Basic grafting terms

Scion: The twig or bud that will become the top part of the new plant. It is what is grated unto the stock.
Stock: The root, trunk, or branch upon which the scion is inserted. It may be a young seedling plant or a large tree
Cambium: A thin layer of living cells between the bark and the wood from which bark and wood tissues are formed. It is the source of all girth growth in woody plants, woody stems. As the cambium cells divide bark is produced to the outside and wood towards the inside. During the healing of wounds, such as those incurred during grafting, the cambium produces callus cells which will join the scion and the stock. Eventually, theses callus cells differentiate, forming the vascular connections between the stock and scion.
Graft union: The place where the scion and stock grow together.

Requirements for a successful grafting operation.

1. The stock and the scion must be compatible. In other words, they must be capable of uniting. Usually, the more closely related the plants the better the chance of the graft taking. For example, apple to apple is much more successful than apple to pear
2. The cambial region of the scion must be placed in close proximity with the cambium of the stock.
3. The cut surfaces must be held together tightly by wrapping, nailing, wedging, or some similar method.
4. Rapid healing of the graft union is necessary so that the scion may be supplied with water and nutrients from the stock by the time the buds start to open.
5. The grafting operation must be done when the stock and scion are in the proper physiological stages. Usually, the scion buds need to be dormant whereas the stock needs be capable of producing callus tissue for the healing process to occur. For apples, dormant scion wood is collected during the winter and kept inactive by storing at low temperatures. The stock may be dormant or active depending on the grafting method used.
6. Immediately after the grafting operation is completed, all cut surfaces must be protected from desiccation. The graft union may be covered with tape, grafting wax, or with moist materials covered with some type of grafting frame
7. Proper care must be given to the grafts for a period of time after grafting. Care must be taken that shoots coming from the stock below the graft do not choke out the desired growth from the scion. The scion shoots should not grow too vigorous because they break off more easily.
8. The knife needs to be very sharp. A grafting knife needs to be razor-sharp to insure success

Methods of grafting

For repairing damaged trees

Bridge Grafting (Fig. 1)

Bridge grafting is a method for providing the passage of food and nutrients across an injured area. The sooner the graft can be made after the injury occurs, the sooner the tree will recover. You can begin to graft after spring growth starts and the bark begins to slip (when the bark separates easily from the wood) all the way to bloom.

• A grafting knife is preferred. These knives are honed on only one side, leaving one side flat. With such a blade, it is easier to make a very smooth cut in a woody stem. Because of the one-sided edge on grafting knives, they come in right- and left-handed models.
• Wire nails (3/4 inch long, 2 to 4 /scion)
• Hammer
• Grafting compound. This may be bought already prepared or you may prepare it yourself (contact me if you want a recipe to make your own).

Preparation of stock

1. Remove all dead and injured tissue; pare off any rough or jagged edge.
2. Select the placement of the scion on the stock and make and make vertical cuts 2-4 inches long through the bark only, both above and below the injury, where the scion ends will be inserted.
3. These cuts should be spaced 2 inches apart and parallel to each other (Fig. 1a).

Preparation of Scion

1. Use healthy, vigorous, one-year-old dormant wood. Watersprouts are ideal since they tend to stay dormant than other shoots.
2. Scion wood should be collected while dormant, and stored in a moist medium, wrapped in polyethylene plastic sheeting. The refrigerator is a good place to store the scion wood (about 40⁰F). If you are planing to store the wood for a period of 1 to 3 months then keep the wood at 32⁰ F. Do not store in your freezer. This temperature is too low and may cause damage.
3. Best diameter to use is 1/4 to 1/2 inches (pencil size).
4. Make sure that the pieces are longer than the length necessary to make the bridge. When in place, the scion should be longer than the bridge area.
5. Cut regular one-sided wedges on each end of the scion. The cut surface should extend about 2 inches, and as even as possible (Fig. 1b)

Procedure

1. When you are ready to insert the scion into the slits of the stock, begin at the bottom end.
2. Gently, lift the bark at the slit on the stock and insert the bottom end of the scion, make sure the scion is right side up. The cut surface needs to be next to the wood.
3. Push firmly in place.
4. At this stage, some people will tack the bottom of the scion with two wire nails, and proceed to repeat the operation with the top. Other people insert the other end of the scion at the top slit, and then proceed to tack each end.

Since the scion is longer than the bridged area, a slight bow of the scion should be apparent. This is places tension on the scion ends, helping it to stay in place (Fig. 1c).

After you have grafted all the scions in place, cover all exposed live bark and graft unions with grafting compound. This will prevent the graft from drying out

Remove any shoot growth that might occur on the scions during the growing season. You may want to prune back the top of the plant to help compensate for the injury.
 
 

Inarching (Fig. 2)

Tools

Same as for bridge grafting

Procedure

Prepare the injured part as in the bridge graft, cutting away the dead areas. Parallel vertical cuts, about 6 inches long and smaller in width than the whip is made trough the bark above the injured part (Fig. 2a).
The top of the whip is cut about 1/3 through the side adjacent to the tree to be inarched. This cut should be 6 inches long
On the opposite side of the cut, a small, wedge cut is made (Fig. 2b).
The horizontal cuts at the top and bottom of the strip permit for the removal of a flap on the tree to be inarched. A short flap is retained at the top.
The top of the whip is inserted under the flap, and secured with wire nails (Fig. 2c)
All exposed areas are covered with grafting compound.
If possible, place mouse guards around the grated portions.

Topworking

Topworking is the process of changing a tree from one variety to another by means of grafting. It is usually done in the spring, shortly before new growth starts. The exact time depends upon the method to be used. The cleft is performed before the bark is slipping. The bark graft is done when the bark is slipping, but before the buds of the stock begin to grow.

Cleft Grafting (Fig. 3)

Cleft grafting is probably the most common grafting method used to change the bearing area of apple trees, being especially adapted to topworking trees, either in the trunk of a small tree or the scaffold branches of a larger tree. The ideal time to cleft graft is in the early spring either right before or right after active growth starts.

Preparation of Scion

1. Use healthy, vigorous, one-year-old dormant wood. Watersprouts are ideal since they tend to stay dormant than other shoots.
2. Scion wood should be collected while dormant, and stored in a moist medium, wrapped in polyethylene plastic sheeting. The refrigerator is a good place to store the scion wood (about 40⁰F). If you are planing to store the wood for a period of 1 to 3 months then keep the wood at 32⁰ F. Do not store in your freezer. This temperature is too low and may cause damage.
3. The scion piece needs to be between 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter. Use only the central portion of the scion stick for the graft.
4. Cut a wedge at the butt end of the scion piece. Start at about 2 inches from the end, and make a smooth, straight cut that has a surface of about 1/2 inches long. Repeat the same procedure on the other side of the stick (Fig. 3a).
5. After cutting the wedge, shorten the scion to about 3 buds. The top cut should be made just above a bud.

Preparation of the stock

1. The chosen branch is cut at right angle from the main axis of the branch, leaving a stub at least afoot long. To expose the position of the cambium, smooth the stub with a sharp knife. Avoid ripping the bark
2. Split the stub with a grafting chisel to a depth of 3 to 4 inches. Do not split too far down (Fig. 3b). Keep the stock open by a wedge for insertion of the scions.

Inserting the scion

Insert the scion on the side of the stock making sure there is cambium contact between both the stock and the scion (Fig. 3c). Usually the scion will be set in somewhat because of a thicker bark on the stock. Usually, 2 scions are used if the stock is thick enough. This will double your chances of a successful take.
Be sure to push the scions down into the crack far enough to hold the scions in place (Fig 3d). If necessary use grafting tape to hold the scions in place
All of the cut surfaces should be covered with grafting wax (Fig. 3e). Do not allow the cut to dry out or water to enter into the crack. Re-coat as needed.
If both scions take, it will be necessary to head back the weaker after the first growing season. Eventually, the weaker scion should be removed completely.
Shoots growing from below the graft should be removed completely. As the new graft develops, one should do some pruning to establish the desired shape of the tree.
 
 

The Veneer or Bark graft (Fig. 4).

This graft can be used in place of the cleft graft, but it can only be made when the bark is slipping. It is faster, but not as reliable

Preparation of Scion
The scion wood should be collected as for the cleft graft
The scion is shaped into a one-sided wedge about 1 1/2 to 2 inches long (Fig. 12)
Preparation of the stock
The stock is prepared, as you would do in a cleft graft, but does not split.

Inserting the scion

There are several ways to insert the scion. One method is to cut a slit, about 2 inches in length, through the bark of the stock. Separate the bark from the wood on both sides with a knife blade, and then slide the scion, with the cut surface next to the wood, down to the proper depth. More than one scion may be inserted on the branch if the stock is long enough. Use nails, To secure the scion to the stock. All cut surfaces should be thoroughly covered with wax.

Horticultural Calendar: April-May

By Jon Clements

Dormant to 1/4 to Green

• Finish pruning and chopping or removing prunings.
• Inspect for mouse damage. Consider graft in-arching to repair the damage (see grafting article).
• Top-work graft 5-10 year old trees of undesirable cultivars to newer, potentially more profitable cultivars such as GingerGold, Gala, HoneyCrisp, Macoun (see grafting article).
• Consult last years leaf analysis (if you did not get one, you should this year!) and determine need for copper application. Apply copper at or before 1/4 inch green bud stage. Adequate copper is important for flowering, fruit set, and fruit quality, as well as its fungicidal (scab) and bactericidal (fireblight) properties. Do not apply after 1/4ö green as fruit russeting may result!

1/2 to Green to Tight Cluster

• Now is the time to get started on pre- and post-emergent herbicide applications. Most pre-emergent herbicides are applied before seed germination. If weeds are actively growing, then a contact herbicide should also be included.
• Foliar applications of boron and zinc may improve spur vigor and fruit set. Apply one pound Solubor plus one quart zinc chelate per hundred gallons water at 1/2ö green, followed by urea at pink. Note that foliar boron applied near oil sprays may result in excessive uptake and toxicity.
• Nursery trees should be planted as soon as the ground can be worked. Remember to keep the graft union 2-3 inches above soil level; head-back the leader and feathers for branch development; and stake and tie dwarf- and semi-dwarf trees as soon as possible. Fertilize with calcium nitrate as soon as growth starts.
• Ground applied nitrogen and potassium can start anytime. It might not be a bad idea to do a soil test now too, paying particular attention to pH, which should be about 6.5.

Pink to Bloom

• Foliar applied urea at three pounds per 100 gallons water applied at pink may help fruit set.
• Make sure bees are in the orchard in plenty of time. Remember that you need to get that king blossom pollinated, as it will give you the largest fruit. Consider using pollen inserts or blower-applied pollen for those troublesome spots where fruit set has been insufficient.
• If you have not got ground nitrogen on by now, you should do it!

Petal Fall to 5 to10 mm Fruitlets

• Remove bees from orchard as soon as possible.
• Be prepared to chemical thin as early as petal fall. NAA, Sevin, and Accel are the materials of choice. We will have more on thinning in the next Newsletter.

  FDA Moves Forward on Cider Regulations by Steven F. Justis Vermont Department of Agriculture, Food & Markets On February 3, 1998, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration forwarded its proposal to govern the production of fruit and vegetable juices to the Office of Management and Budget. OMB has up to 90 days to review the proposed regulations before they are presented for public comment.

According to the U.S. Apple Association’s Julia Daly, FDA’s recommendations will include each of the three elements proposed in its August 1997 announcement: 1) Implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP); 2) Use of a consumer warning label; and 3) Establishment of an educational program directed at consumers and producers.

Due to the controversy relating to the juice issue, OMB is expected to return the proposed regulations to FDA by May 3, at which time they will published in the Federal Register, beginning the formal comment period.

Producers Organize for Comment Period

In preparation for the anticipated comment period, a number of producers and producer organizations have begun working on a possible response to FDA’s proposed regulations. Some "talking points" were drafted to help focus industry comments on this complicated issue. The points include:

• Recommending that FDA base its regulatory decisions on the principles of risk analysis, to help put the fresh juice "issue" into perspective.
• Urging FDA to consider the fresh juice industry’s efforts and accomplishments over the past 18 months, emphasizing producers’ interest in producing a safe, quality product.
• Recommending a 1-2 year phase-in of HACCP for the fresh juice industry.
• Recommending that fresh juices be labeled simply as "Fresh, Unpasteurized".
• Recommending a moratorium on the use of "drops" for fresh juices.
• Recommending that alternatives to pasteurization be allowed in achieving a 5-log pathogen reduction.

Other Actions

While it is unlikely that federal regulations will be in place for the 1998 cider season, it is anticipated that FDA will continue to use the media to place fresh juice and cider producers under intense public scrutiny this fall. A number of actions are being taken to help prepare producers for the 1998 season:

• The Vermont legislature is preparing a bill that would allow the Commissioner of Agriculture to establish standards for the production of apple cider.
• UVM is beginning research on the use of an ozonated wash process for apples, providing the "kill step" likely to be required by FDA.
• New England Extension and agriculture department representatives are working on a pilot HACCP program for cider makers.
• Research is being conducted on ultraviolet (UV) light, citric acid, chlorine dioxide and other treatments.

For more information on this subject, or to be placed on the mailing list for updates on cider issues, please contact Steve Justis at 802/828-3827.
 
 

IPM News

April 13, 1998

L.P.Berkett, IPM Specialist

Information at your fingertips - Renovated Website for Apple IPM:

In March, the Vermont Apple IPM Focus website was initiated as part of the overall educational efforts of the UVM Apple Team in using this relatively new communication tool. The website 'address' is: http://orchard.uvm.edu/uvmapple/pest/

Basically, its goal is to organize and provide easy access to the wealth of Apple IPM information. The 'Library' contains sections on apple diseases, arthropod pests, biological control agents, and organic pest management. Check it out ! I would appreciate any comments/suggestions that you might have on how to improve the website to make it more useful to you.

Also, the UVM Apple Team is involved in AIM - The Apple Information Manager website. This is a regional collaboration to connect the educational efforts of the New England Land Grant Universities and Extension Systems. Please see the brochure describing the website. It is located at: http://orchard.uvm.edu/AIM/

Disease Management

Apple Scab

A better way to estimate ascospore maturity: For many years, I and the other extension plant pathologists in New England and New York have spent many hours over a microscope in the early spring examining the tiny fruiting bodies (i.e., pseudothecia) of the apple scab fungus to see if the ascospores were mature. Because of the time required to look at a sample, relatively few pseudothecia could be examined. Well, through the research efforts of Drs. Dave Gadoury and Bill MacHardy, a degree-day model has been developed to estimate ascospore maturity. For the past two years, a graphic representation of this model has been in the New England Apple Pest Management Guide. The following is the same information, presented in a table format, which appears in the 1998 Cornell Pest Management Recommendations for Commercial Tree-Fruit Production:
 

1 Degree-Days should be recorded from the date when 50% of McIntosh fruit buds are between silver tip and green tip. Data of Gadoury and MacHardy, 1982.

2 The width of the 90% confidence interval is a statistical measure of the precision of estimated maturity. It is the range within which the estimate should fall 90% of the time.

Note that Degree-days are calculated by subtracting 32 from the average temperature of the day:

                                DD = (Max. Temp. - Min. Temp) - 32
                                                              2

This information provides you with the means of estimating the ascospore maturity in your own orchard. It is a far better way than trying to guess how the results of microscopic examination of a few pseudothecia at the UVM Hort.Res.Center relates to what is going on in your orchard.

Note that ascospore maturity is only one factor in determining when to start your fungicide program for apple scab. Another key factor is how much foliar scab you had at the end of last year. If you had gone out and looked at all the leaves on 600 shoots in your orchard just before leaf fall and only found 50 or fewer leaves with scab, you can delay your first fungicide application to Pink or until after three infection periods (but before the fourth infection period), whichever comes first. This would be considered a 'low inoculum' orchard. [Note: This assumes that you did not use a SI program the previous year. It is suspected that a lesion evaluation in a SI orchard may not fully represent the level of scab present.] If your orchard does not fit into the low inoculum category, you need to address infection periods once green tissue is showing either by using a protectant or coming in afterwards with and SI/protectant combination.

  Don't be caught unprepared by the early calendar date of bud development ! The apple scab season is upon us.

Arthropod Management

European Red Mites (ERM)

Although we have some new effective miticides, oil application(s) from half-inch green through tight cluster is always a good option to lessen the need to use these new miticides which have resistance concerns associated with them. However, the way the season is progressing, you may have to get out there quickly ! If the warm weather continues to push bud development, it would be wise to target the areas of the orchard that had high ERM populations last year and where you have noticed high numbers of overwintering eggs.

In the last issue of the Vermont Apple Newsletter, the idea of "rotating" the new miticides was presented. Rotation is a key point in the following article entitled "Resistance is Futile" that was written by Dr. Art Agnello and which appeared in the Scaffolds Fruit Journal, vol. 7, no. 1. Dr. Agnello's article is presented here to underscore the importance of this issue in the management of European red mites.

" For the first time in a long time, European red mite management has finally reached the point of not having to be an endless game of catch-up. Although we call the approach we are promoting resistance management, the more appropriate term would really be susceptibility management, and the apple (and pear) industry is now in a position to show its ability to exercise some responsible stewardship of the tools available to this end. Perhaps the single most useful piece of advice we can offer to apple growers looking to preserve the effectiveness of the miticides available to them is: Rotate! That is, whatever mite control program was used last year, and regardless of even how well it worked, wise resistance management practice dictates a change to a different one in 1998. The rationale behind this advice is that the time to manage pesticide resistance is before it starts to show up, and the options that now exist for mite control make this a practical, if somewhat controversial strategy for ERM.

Apollo and Savey should be regarded as essentially the same material for purposes of resistance development, considering the well-known incidences of cross-resistance between these two products in the world fruit industry. There is not yet any evidence of ERM resistance to Agri-Mek, but there is also no reason to expect it not to occur at some time in the future. Nevertheless, with a number of early season products to choose from, it's not difficult to formulate a few different rotation programs to begin using, and most growers have already used one of these rotations last season.

One such program could be a prebloom spray of Savey or Apollo, and then a summer rescue application of Pyramite, Carzol or Kelthane, if needed. Admittedly, some of these summer materials have certain limitations, but the effectiveness of the early season products should work to minimize the severity of any late-season outbreaks that do occur. A possible 2nd-year rotation would be to use Agri-Mek at (or immediately after) petal fall; an oil spray before bloom could be elected, but this has actually proven not to be necessary in several field trials we have conducted with Agri-Mek, which has provided season-long control with a single well-timed application. If a summer rescue treatment is needed, rotate among the three products available for this use. In the 3rd year a return to Apollo or Savey could be recommended, etc. Implicit in the provisional need for a rescue treatment is the practicality of once again taking leaf samples in the summer to determine how close to threshold (remember that concept?) the population is. The presence/absence charts for this simple exercise can be found on pp. 98-100 of the 1998 Recommends. [Cornell Coop.Ext.Publication]

Ideally, these rotation programs should be used on a farmwide basis, or on as large a scale as is practical; although we have no evidence to indicate that mites from one block will "contaminate" (for resistance purposes) an adjacent block that has received a different miticide program, the chances of such an event occurring are obviously less if the entire farm is treated with the same program during the season."

Early Season Insect Monitoring

Silver Tip is the time to place traps in the orchard to monitor the following pests. However, if you are beyond that bud stage it is still advantageous to monitor. The following thresholds are based on studies conducted in Massachusetts:

Tarnished Plant Bug (TPB)

Leafminers (LM)

Update on the 1998-1999 New England Apple Pest Management Guide (NEAPMG):

Last week, the order forms were sent out for the 1998-1999 NEAPMG. The cost of the publication is $15.00. We expect to receive the publication from the printers within the next week and will ship them out as soon as we get them.

If you have misplaced the order form and would like to receive a copy, please send a check for $15.00 payable to the UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT and mail it to: Nancy Burgess, UVM, Dept. of Plant & Soil Science, Hills Building, Burlington, VT 05405.

Pesticide Spray Drift Management Conference -- A Report by Greg Eurich, Manager, UVM Hort.Res.Center

The North American Conference on Pesticide Spray Drift Management was held March 29^th through April 1, 1998 in Portland, Maine. Sponsored by the Maine Board of Pesticides Control and the University of Maine Cooperative Extension Pest Management Office, the conference, attended by over 300 people, had an excellent international as well as national representation. The realization that just about every state in the Union as well as individuals from every continent were present, underscores the concern world wide of Pesticide Drift and chemicals moving off site. The realization is that either we get a better understanding and handle on chemical applications and potential spray drift or our ability to apply chemicals in many of our agricultural settings maybe be restricted or eliminated.

A Spray Drift Task Force, which is comprised of 38 agricultural chemical companies, has done extensive evaluation of some 2,500 past and present drift-related studies from scientific literature. Drift related research is presently being conducted at a host of academic institutions, as well, in a combined effort to gain understanding of how several factors impact Drift. Some of the areas under study are equipment design, weather effects, chemical additives, nozzle size, use of GPS in applications, legal issues, as well the important area of public perception of chemical Spray Drift.

The following are a few brief bullets gleaned from the Conference:

• Know your state law as it pertains to Spray Drift; each state has its own regulations. Check with your State Department of Agriculture to determine your legal position when it comes to Drift. Once you know the government regulations, check with your insurance company to make sure you are covered for liability if you happen to have an incident. There are several states that apparently rule that drift is illegal and the insurance companies in these states have clauses that won’t cover any activity defined as illegal.
• Most of us have been taught to spray early in the morning when there is no wind. What has been discovered is that at this time of the day it is common to have temperature inversions (warm air over colder air). This condition results in being one of the worst times to spray in relationship to chemical drift. Spray plumes that rise into this warmer air stay concentrated and slowly move off sight to potentially settle down else where in concentrated form. They are finding that spraying a little later when the inversion has broken up and there is a little more wind for mixing and diluting any plumes that move off site results in much lower concentrations of chemical on neighboring land.
• Wind is a factor is chemical material moving off sight. As wind increases more material will move off location—no surprise. As sited by a study by the USDA-ARS, as wind speed increases the chemical deposited in the area immediately around the spray site doesn’t increase---a surprise. The chemical becomes more dilute and travels further in distance from the spray site.
• Nozzle size is the largest factor in relation to spray drift. Droplets, which are less than 150 microns, are more prone to drift. It is also important to know that a given nozzle will produce a spectrum of droplet sizes. Choosing a larger bore nozzle doesn’t mean that all of the droplets will be larger, but rather the major concentration of them will be of the larger size. A combination of pressure settings and nozzle selection in relation to needs of the chemical product being used will provide the best combination for control of chemical drift.
• Efficacy often times is decreased by increase in droplet size. Depending on the crop, chemical being used and delivery method, there often is decrease effectiveness of the product.

• At best, there is less than 50 percent of the chemical deposited on the tree in an orchard-airblast application situation. There are several new types of sprayers being evaluated by industry and universities to try to improve this figure. Tower sprayers which direct air flow down instead of up are one style as well as Tunnel sprayers which actually have a covering which passes over the tree as it is being sprayed. Even with these newer type sprayer only 50 percent of the chemical is on the target with the rest either on the ground or in the air.
• Public Perception is one of the most important aspects of the topic of Spray Drift. Drift is a reality---it happens and with residential housing becoming more of a factor in agricultural operations it is very important to become more aware of the different aspects of Drift and how it impacts our operations. Having open communication with neighbors and taking a heads up look at the different aspects of an operation and how Drift can be minimized before there is a problem is well worth the time and effort.
• 
  More information on the work being done by the Spray Drift Task Force can be obtained by contacting David Johnson at Stewart Agricultural Research Services, Inc., P.O. Box 509, Macon Missouri 63552

  660-762-4240

  fax 660-762-4295

  Contact Information

   

  A Commitment to Excellence and Service:

  We a committed to excellence and service to you. If you have any questions, problems or want to arrange for an orchard visit regarding your concerns, please call or write.

  For horticulture questions contact:

  M. Elena Garcia

  Tree Fruit Specialist

  Plant and Soil Science Dept.

  206 Hills Bldg.

  University of Vermont

  Burlington VT 05405-0082

  Phone: 802/656-2824

  Fax: 802/656-4656

  E-mail: elena.garcia@uvm.edu

  For IPM questions contact:

  Lorraine P. Berkett

  Plant Pathologist and IPM Specialist

  Chair, Dept. of Plant & Soil Science

  University of Vermont

  Burlington, VT 05405

  Phone: 802/656-0972

  Fax: 802/656-4656

  E-mail: lorraine.berkett@uvm.edu
   

   
  

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  Where trade names or commercial products are used for identification, no

  discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied. Always read the

  label before using any pesticide. The label is the legal document for the

  product use. Disregard any information in this newsletter if it is in conflict with the label.