Align (azadirachtin): 3% EC. Insecticide derived from seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Limited trials have demonstrated efficacy against leafhoppers, leafminers and possibly apple maggot. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. No preharvest interval required.

Apollo (clofentezine): 42% SC. 1-2 fl. ozs./100 gals.; however, the label indicates a minimum suggested use of 4 ounces per acre. Effective against immature European red mites. Less effective against eggs, and not effective against adult mites. Harmless to beneficial insects and predacious mites. Do not exceed one application per season. For resistance management, Apollo and Savey should not be used in the same year. Only for use through tight cluster. Restricted entry interval 12 hours.

Asana (esfenvalerate): Effective against same pests as Ambush, plus apple maggot, codling moth, leafhoppers and plum curculio; 0.66 lb./gal. EC (2-5.8 fl. ozs./100 gals.). Labeled for full season use, but not recommended after pink. See Ambush for more general information on pyrethroids. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval 21 days.

Azinphos-M (azinphosmethyl): See Guthion.

botanicals (azadirachtin, pyrethrins, rotenone, ryania): Insecticides extracted from plant materials. Many formulations are available containing one or more of the botanicals. Synergists may be added to increase effectiveness. Limited amount of efficacy data are available for apple pests, but some studies indicate the following may be effective against the pests listed: azadirachtin for leafhoppers and leafminers, Pyrenone (pyrethrins plus synergist) for white apple leafhopper; rotenone for Japanese beetle; and ryania for codling moth, aphids and leafhoppers. Botanicals may require more precise timing, lower thresholds, and more frequent application than more persistent synthetic insecticides. Botanical insecticides are usually more expensive than synthetic alternatives. Product availability varies by state registration. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval typically 0 days, but individual products may have longer PHI.

B.t. (Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin). Dipel, Javelin, Larvo-BT, MVP: Refer to labels for rates. Effective against the larval stage of green fruitworms, oblique banded and redbanded leafrollers, and other caterpillars. May not be as effective against codling moth larvae as alternative insecticides. Must be ingested by larvae to provide control. Non-toxic to humans and beneficial insects. Restricted entry interval 4 hours. Preharvest interval 0 days.

Carbaryl: See Sevin.

Carzol (formetanate hydrochloride): Mites; 92% SP (1/4-1/2 lb./100 gals.). White apple leafhopper; (1/8-1/4 lb./100 gals.). Also kills spotted tentiform leafminer adults and mullein plant bugs. Carzol is fast acting on mites and is not temperature dependant. It has a relatively short residual and is sensitive to high pH, losing half of its effectiveness in 14 hours at pH 7.0, in 3 hours at pH 9.0. Do not apply more than 4 lbs./acre in one crop year. Toxic to predatory mites and can result in a resurgence of mites late in season. Has been ineffective in some orchards for mites. Restricted entry interval 48 hours. Preharvest interval 7 days.

Diazinon: Effective against apple maggot, codling moth, mullein plant bug, San Jose scale. 50% WP (8-16 ozs./100 gals.). Highly toxic to an important aphid predator. May have shorter residual activity than Guthion or Imidan. Has caused russeting on Golden Delicious, R.I. Greening and Baldwin. Do not combine with copper. May cause poor finish or russeting if used under poor drying conditions or before second cover on sensitive cultivars. Restricted entry interval 12 or 24 hours (varies by product). Preharvest interval 21 days.

Dicofol: See Kelthane.

Di-Syston (disulfoton): For aphid control on nonbearing fruit trees; apply 15% granular at the rate of 2.5 ozs. for each inch of trunk diameter. Spread granules uniformly from trunk to drip line on all sides. Work into soil, then water thoroughly. One application should give adequate control for the whole season. Follow label directions and do not over-apply. Early application necessary - March or April. Restricted entry interval 48 hours. Written worker notification required.

Guthion, Azinphos-M (azinphosmethyl): Effective against apple maggot, codling moth, plum curculio, redbanded leafroller and European apple sawfly. Not effective against aphids, leafminers or leafhoppers. 50% WP and WSB (8-10 ozs./100 gals.), 3F (1/2 pt./100 gals.). Highly toxic to an important aphid predator, but low toxicity to predatory mites. No injury to foliage or fruit reported. Protective clothing required for reentry within 24 hours of application. Restricted entry interval 48 hours. Preharvest interval 7 days.

Imidan (phosmet): Effective against apple maggot, codling moth, plum curculio, redbanded leafroller; not effective against leafminers or leafhoppers; 70% WP or WSB (3/4 - 1 lb./100 gals.). Use higher rate against plum curculio. Low toxicity to predatory mites. Imidan is sensitive to high pH, can lose half of its effectiveness in less than 12 hours at pH 7.0, in less than 4 hours at pH 8.3. Restricted entry interval 24 hours. Preharvest interval 7 days.

Insecticidal Soap (Safer's, M-Pede): For control of aphids, leafhoppers, mites, use 49% solution at 2 gals./100 gals. Provides contact kill only, no residual effect. Good spray coverage is essential for effectiveness. May cause fruit russeting under poor drying conditions. May not provide adequate summer mite control. May be toxic to the mite predator Stethorus punctum. Conditioner or defoamer may be necessary (see label). Restricted entry interval 12 hours. No preharvest interval required.

Kelthane (dicofol): Mites only; 35% WP (1-1.33 lbs./100 gals.); 50% WP (3/4-1 lb./100 gals.). Contact material, works best if mites are hit directly by the spray. Effect should be evident within one or two days. Manufacturer recommends combining 35WP and 50WP formulations with spreader adjuvant. Good residual of 7-10 days, possibly longer without rain. More likely to be effective if temperature is over 65^oF. Adjust water pH to 7.0 or lower to prevent rapid decomposition of Kelthane. Fruit injury reported on McIntosh and Cortland under slow drying conditions. Combination of Kelthane 50WP and summer oil has caused fruit spotting and enlarged lenticels when applied during poor drying conditions. Testing indicates that Kelthane is less toxic to predatory mites than Carzol. Kelthane-resistant mite populations have developed in some orchards. Do not make more than two applications per season. As of March 1996, EPA has proposed cancellation of labels for use of dicofol on apples. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval 7 days.

Lannate (methomyl): Effective against apple maggot, codling moth, green fruitworms, leafhoppers, sap-feeding stage of leafminers, leafrollers. 2.4 lbs./gal. L (6-12 fl. ozs./100 gals.); 90% SP (2-4 ozs./100 gals.). Methomyl has relatively short residual activity (5-7 days) which makes it less effective than Guthion, Imidan and some other insecticides against fruit feeders, such as plum curculio, codling moth and apple maggot. If tankmix pH is above 7, use as soon as possible to prevent loss of insecticidal activity. Highly toxic to predatory mites and an important aphid predator. Hazardous to aquatic organisms, do not contaminate bodies of water with runoff, drift, or rinse water. Do not apply to Early McIntosh or Wealthy. Restricted entry interval 72 hours. Preharvest interval 8 days.

Lorsban (chlorpyrifos): 4 lbs./gal. EC (8-16 fl. ozs. with or without 1-2 gals. oil/100 gals.) used as single half-inch green spray against climbing cutworm, rosy apple aphid, San Jose scale. 4 EC not labeled for post-bloom use. 50% WP (12-16 ozs./100 gals.) effective against apple maggot, codling moth, green fruitworms, mullein plant bug, plum curculio and woolly apple aphids. Whether the possibility of mite suppression by Lorsban is significant enough to make the EC formulation cost effective as an addition to prebloom oil, or to prefer the WP formulation over other summer insecticide options is debatable, but Lorsban should not be considered a miticide. Do not apply last 2 treatments closer than 21 days apart. Restricted entry interval 24 hours. Preharvest interval 28 days.

Methoxychlor: 50% WP (2-3 lbs./100 gals.), 25% EC (2-3 qts./100 gals.). May be used for apple maggot, codling moth, plum curculio and several other fruit pests. Not as effective as other available insecticides. Used where a high degree of safety to people and animals is desired. Favors increase of mites and possibly aphids. Detrimental to parasite and predator species. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval 7 days.

Morestan (oxythioquinox): For prebloom use only, effective against European red mite eggs and nymphs, and also powdery mildew. 25% WP (1/2-1 lb./100 gals.). If prebloom oil application is not feasible, Morestan is an alternative for prebloom mite suppression. Dilute application more effective than low volume, concentrate sprays. Do not tank-mix with oil, sulfur or spreader-stickers. Under slow drying conditions, injury may occur to new and/or tender growth. Combination with EC formulations may cause phytotoxicity. Wait at least 10 days or one growth stage from an oil spray. Toxic to fish, do not contaminate bodies of water with drift, runoff, or rinse water. Restricted entry interval 24 hours.

When tank-mixing spray oil fill the tank 1/4 full with water, add the wettable powder or liquid pesticides, resume adding water while adding the oil. Do not let oil mixtures stand without agitation and keep them vigorously agitated while spraying.

An application of 2­3 gallons oil per 100 gallons dilute is most effective between half-inch green and tight cluster. It is important that oil be applied during weather that is favorable for good spray coverage. Complete wetting of mite eggs requires thorough spray coverage, and is essential for good control with oil. Applications at 1X - 3X (full dilute to 1/3 dilute spray volume) are more likely to be effective than lower volume sprays at 4X or greater. Even if spray concentration is greater than 3X, do not multiply the amount of oil per 100 gallons of spray water by more than 3 times the recommended dilute rate.

Postbloom oil. Specially formulated "summer oil" products labeled for postbloom use are available (Stylet Oil, Ultra-Fine). Recent research has demonstrated that in blocks where the mite population has been suppressed with prebloom control, application of summer oil at petal fall and in 2 subsequent high volume-low concentrate cover sprays at 2 to 3 week intervals can effectively continue mite suppression, and perhaps give season-long control. Summer oil will not control an established mite infestation like a chemical miticide. It can work to prevent a mite problem, but is not a mite eradicant.

There is a high potential for phytotoxicity and fruit finish damage with summer oil use. Cultivar, adequate moisture and spray drying conditions should be considered before using summer oil to minimize detrimental effects on fruit finish. Moisture stress and/or temperatures over 80^oF increase risk of foliar damage. Concentrate mixing such that the spray tank contains more than 1 gallon of summer in each 100 gallons of water increases the likelihood of foliar or crop damage and is not recommended. Yellowing leaves are the first sign of oil phytotoxicity, and is an indication that the rate should be reduced if there is to be any subsequent application.

Combining a low rate of summer oil (maximum of 1 quart per 100 gals. of finished mix) with Kelthane or Vendex can improve mite suppression.

A major concern with postbloom oil is incompatibility with captan, Lorsban WP, and sulfur; and questionable or formulation-limited compatibility with Guthion, Sevin, and Methoxychlor. Check with product manufacturers and Cooperative Extension for information on possible interaction between oil and thinning agent, foliar nutrients, and growth regulators. Spray timing should be adjusted so that captan and oil are not used with 10 days of each other. Even a 10-day interval may not be adequate if oil or captan residue from the previous application has not been reduced by subsequent rain.

Research on this mite suppression method is continuing. As with any unfamiliar method, experiment on a small area before wider use. Contact Cooperative Extension for more information.

Penncap-M (methyl parathion): Apple maggot, codling moth, plum curculio, San Jose scale, wooly apple aphid; 2 lbs./gal. FM (1-1/2 to 2 pts./100 gals.). Use 2 pts. against plum curculio. Do not use more than 3 gals./acre/year. Penncap-M is a microencapsulated formulation of methyl parathion in which the toxicant is contained within tiny microcapsules and is released slowly through tiny pores. Do not use screens or nozzles finer than 50 mesh. Very hazardous to bees. Do not apply before first cover or if there are more than 5 blooms per square yard of ground cover. Requires special permit for use in some states. In CT, only registered use on apples is for San Jose scale. Restricted entry interval 48 hours. Written worker notification required. Preharvest interval 14 days if used at 2-4 pts./acre; 21 days at greater than 4 pts./acre.

Pounce (permethrin): Effective against same pests as Ambush. 3.2 lbs./gal. EC (2 ozs./100 gals.); 25% WP (2.1-4.2 ozs./100 gals.). Not labeled for use after petal fall. Restricted entry interval 24 hours. See Ambush for more general information on pyrethroids.

Provado (imidacloprid): 1.6 lbs./gal. F. Effective against leafminers (eggs and sap-feeding larvae), leafhoppers (nymphs), and aphids (except wooly apple aphid). Use 2 fl. ozs./100 gals. for leafminers and aphids; use 1-2 fl. ozs./100 gals. for leafhoppers. Is locally systemic; good coverage is essential. Safe to predator mites. Post-bloom application only. Apply once at petal fall, or 1-2 times from mid-June to early-July. Provado is highly toxic to bees. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Allow at least 10 days between applications. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval 7 days.

Pyrenone (pyrethrin): Insecticide derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium flowers. Pyrenone (and some other pyrethrin formulations) include the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), another botanical. Labeled against many pests, but among major apple pest species, high efficacy demonstrated apparently only against white apple and potato leafhoppers. May cause allergic reaction in people allergic to ragweed pollen. Toxic to fish. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval 0 days. See Botanicals for more information.

Ryan 50 (ryania): Derived from the roots of Ryania speciosa. Labeled for use against codling moth. Tests in New York found that it also controlled oriental fruit moth, lesser appleworm, aphids, white apple leafhopper and adult spotted tentiform leafminer. More persistent than rotenone or pyrethrin, also more expensive and less available. Toxic to fish. As of March 1996, continued registration of ryania for use on apples is uncertain. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. No preharvest interval required. See Botanicals.

Savey (hexythiazox): 50% WP. Use 3 ozs. per acre. Do not reduce rate for smaller trees or adjust for tree row volume. Effective against European red mite eggs and immature stages. Adult female spider mites exposed to Savey residue will lay non-viable eggs. Harmless to beneficial insects and predacious mites. Do not exceed one application per season. For resistance management, do not apply Apollo and Savey in the same year. The use of alternate middle spraying is not recommended for this product. Only for use from silver tip to pink. Preferred timing at pink. Restricted entry interval 12 hours.

Sevin (carbaryl): Effective against codling moth, leafhoppers. 50% WP (1 lb./100 gals.); 4 lbs./gal. F, 4 EC (XLR Plus), (1 pt./100 gals.); 80% S (2/3 lb./100 gals.). Effective against apple maggot at higher label rates. Highly toxic to bees, do not use just before bloom. Applications before 30 days after petal fall can cause thinning. Foliar injury may result when used at petal fall and first cover on McIntosh and Cortland. Questionable compatibility with oil. Preharvest interval 1 day. Useful for apple maggot control when preharvest intervals of other insecticides are a problem. Toxic to important mite and aphid predators. Restricted entry interval 12 hours. Preharvest interval 1 day.

Thiodan (endosulfan): Effective against green fruitworms, leafhoppers, rosy apple aphid, woolly apple aphid. 50% WP and WSB (1 lb./100 gals.); 3 lbs./gal. EC (2/3 qrt./100 gals.). Also used against apple aphid, leafminer adults and tarnished plant bug. Low toxicity to predator mites. Toxic to fish, do not use near or contaminate bodies of water with runoff, drift or rinse water. NH Growers: see note inside front cover. Restricted entry interval 24 hours. Preharvest interval 21 days.

Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide, hexakis): Miticide. 50% WP. May give seasonal mite control when applied at low rates (3 ozs. 50% WP/100 gals.) in 3 applications starting at petal fall. For single or double application, use 5-6 ozs. 50WP / 100 gals. Temperatures over 70^oF improve performance. May take several days to see full effect on mite population. Efficacy may be improved by combination with a low rate of summer oil. Do not apply more than 3 times between petal fall and harvest. Agitation is required during mixing and spraying. Non-toxic to honeybees and low toxicity to important mite and aphid predators. Toxic to fish, do not contaminate bodies of water with runoff, drift or rinse water. Vendex is corrosive and may cause skin and respiratory irritation or eye damage. Use protective gear as described on label. Restricted entry interval 48 hours. Preharvest interval 14 days.

Vydate (oxamyl): Effective against leafminer adults and sap-feeding larvae. 2 lbs./gal. L (1/2 - 1 pt./100 gals.). Also used for apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, leafhoppers and mites. May cause fruit thinning if used after early pink or before 30 days after petal fall. Has systemic activity, is translocated throughout leaves and into roots. As a mite suppressant it requires back to back applications for effective control. Highly toxic to predatory mites. Toxic to fish, do not contaminate bodies of water with runoff, drift or rinse water. Susceptible to rapid breakdown in water with pH above 7. Restricted entry interval 48 hours. Preharvest interval 14 days.